Boron And Boulpaep Medical Physiology Pdf
Boron And Boulpaep Medical Physiology Pdf' title='Boron And Boulpaep Medical Physiology Pdf' />
Calcitonina Wikipedia. La calcitonina un ormone costituito da un polipeptide di 3. C, da clear, chiaro, per la loro scarsa colorabilit al microscopio ottico rispetto ai tireociti, dalle cellule K dellepitelio respiratorio e in molti altri animali dallUltimopharyngeal body ghiandola associata allultimo arco branchiale1. Struttura proteica della calcitonina di salmone in SDS. Pattern di espressione ad RNA del gene CALCA2La principale funzione della calcitonina labbassamento della concentrazione di calcio nel sangue Ca. Clinical Guidelines, Diagnosis and Treatment Manuals, Handbooks, Clinical Textbooks, Treatment Protocols, etc. La calcitonina un ormone costituito da un polipeptide di 32 aminoacidi che viene prodotto, negli esseri umani, dalle cellule parafollicolari della tiroide note. Description of the cooperation between bone cells, hormones and vitamins in normal bone metabolism and in disorders like osteoporosis or bone metastasis. Verenpaine tarkoittaa ihmisen suurimmissa valtimoissa olevaa painetta. Verenpaineen suhteellisen snnllisesti jatkuva muutos pit veren liikkeess, ja sit. The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is found at the front of the neck. Proximal convoluted tubule pars convoluta The pars convoluta Latin convoluted part is the initial convoluted portion. In relation to the morphology of the. Boron And Boulpaep Medical Physiology Pdf' title='Boron And Boulpaep Medical Physiology Pdf' />PTH3. Tale meccanismo di regolazione del calcio stato riscontrato nei pesci, rettili, uccelli e mammiferi. A differenza degli studi sugli animali la sua importanza negli esseri umani non stata ben definita, in quanto non chiaro quanto sia rilevante la sua funzione nella regolazione dellomeostasi del calcio normale rispetto ad altre molecole4. Lormone calcitonina agisce anche a livello renale, stimolando leliminazione tubulare di calcio. Veniva utilizzato nella terapia dellosteoporosi e di altre patologie osteometaboliche. Il ruolo in queste patologie stato per ampiamente rivalutato, ad oggi infatti la calcitonina non ha nessuna indicazione terapeutica accertata. In recenti studi inoltre stato osservato un aumento di incidenza di osteosarcoma in pazienti in pregressa terapia cronica con calcitonina. La calcitonina stata purificata nel 1. Coppola e Cheney5. Inizialmente fu ritenuto che si trattasse di una secrezione delle ghiandole paratiroidi, in seguito fu identificata come la secrezione delle cellule C della tiroide6. La calcitonina, nelluomo, viene codificata dal gene CALC1 o CALCA localizzato sul cromosoma 1. Mb tale gene codifica per la preprocalcitonina7. Uno splicing alternativo del gene, che avviene in alcuni tessuti, pu portare alla produzione di un secondo peptide, il CGRP peptide correlato al gene calcitonina. Il CGRP, sebbene simile alla calcitonina nella sequenza N terminale, differisce in quella C terminale. Queste sono simili, dal punto di vista strutturale, allamilina e alladrenomedullina. La calcitonina un ormone polipeptidico di 3. La sua struttura comprende un unico dominio alfa elica8. A seguito di splicing alternativo dellRNA che codifica per la calcitonina il peptide risultante sar di 3. CGRP9. Sequenze amminoacidiche della calcitonina salmone Cys Ser Asn Leu Ser Thr Cys Val Leu Gly Lys Leu Ser Gln Glu Leu His Lys Leu Gln Thr Tyr Pro Arg Thr Asn Thr Gly Ser Gly Thr Proumana Cys Gly Asn Leu Ser Thr Cys Met Leu Gly Thr Tyr Thr Gln Asp Phe Asn Lys Phe His Thr Phe Pro Gln Thr Ala Ile Gly Val Gly Ala Pro. La concentrazione fisiologica nel siero di sangue della calcitonina lievemente inferiore a 1. In molti modi, la calcitonina neutralizza gli effetti dellormone paratiroideo PTH. La regolazione della concentrazione della calcitonina nel sangue definita a feed back positivo, ovvero bassi livelli di calcio plasmatico inibiscono la secrezione dellormone mentre gli alti livelli ne aumentano la secrezione. Pi specificamente, la calcitonina abbassa i livelli di calcio e fosforo nel sangue mediante Inibizione dellassorbimento da parte dellintestino del calcio introdotto con la dieta1. Inibizione dellattivit degli osteoclasti di riassorbimento osseo e stimolazione della deposizione di calcio nelle ossa. Inibizione del riassorbimento di fosfati dai tubuli renali1. Incremento dellescrezione renale di calcio e inibizione dellattivazione della vitamina D1. La secrezione di calcitonina viene stimolata da Un aumento nel siero sanguigno della concentrazione di calcio1. Dalla azione della gastrina e della pentagastrina1. Il recettore della calcitonina, viene espresso dagli osteoclasti1. G, la quale a sua volta legato alla subunit alfa Gs della via metabolica delladenilato ciclasi, e quindi alla produzione di AMP ciclico c. AMP nelle cellule bersaglio, cio quelle che esprimono tale recettore. Esso pu anche essere espresso a livello delle ovaie nelle donne e testicoli negli uomini. Il carcinoma midollare considerato un tumore non della tiroide ma nella tiroide. Esso infatti si origina dalle cellule parafollicolari o cellule C che producono lormone Calcitonina. Il carcinoma midollare della tiroide, nellessere umano, provoca una sovrapproduzione dellormone calcitonina I casi in cui il dosaggio dei livelli nel sangue di calcitonina mostrino un incremento di tale ormone, quantit superiore a 1. Costoff A, Sect. 5, Ch. Anatomy, Structure, and Synthesis of Calcitonin CT, su Endocrinology hormonal control of calcium and phosphate, Medical College of Georgia. Basto sul lavoro di AI, Wiltshire T, Batalov S, et al, A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein encoding transcriptomes, in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 1. 01, n 1. DOI 1. 0. 1. 07. PMID 1. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL, Endocrine system chapter, in Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach, ElsevierSaunders, 2. ISBN 1 4. 16. 0 2. Costoff A, Sect. 5, Ch. Biological Actions of CT, Medical College of Georgia. Copp DH, Cheney B, Calcitonin a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium level of the blood, in Nature, vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 03. PMID 1. Hirsch PF, Gauthier GF, Munson PL, Thyroid hypocalcemic principle and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury as factors affecting the response to parathyroidectomy in rats, in Endocrinology, vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 21. PMID 1. SequenzaPDB2. GLH 2. GLH Andreotti G, Mndez BL, Amodeo P, Morelli MA, Nakamuta H, Motta A, Structural determinants of salmon calcitonin bioactivity the role of the Leu based amphipathic alpha helix, in J. Biol. Chem., vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 07. M6. PMID 1. SMART a Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, embl heidelberg. URL consultato il 2. Costoff A, Sect. 5, Ch. Effects of CT on the Small Intestine, Medical College of Georgia. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2. Costoff A, Sect. 5, Ch. Effects of CT on Bone, Medical College of Georgia. URL consultato il 7 agosto 2. Carney SL, Calcitonin and human renal calcium and electrolyte transport, in Miner Electrolyte Metab, vol. PMID 9. 05. 83. 69. Linda S. Costanzo, BRS Physiology, Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2. ISBN 9. 78 0 7. Erdogan MF, Gursoy A, Kulaksizoglu M, Long term effects of elevated gastrin levels on calcitonin secretion, in J Endocrinol Invest., vol. PMID 1. 71. 14. 90. Nicholson GC, Moseley JM, Sexton PM, et al, Abundant calcitonin receptors in isolated rat osteoclasts. The Java Jar File Could Not Be Launched Minecraft. Biochemical and autoradiographic characterization, in J Clin Invest, vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 17. JCI1. PMC 4. PMID 3. 01. Furio Pacini carcinoma midollare della tiroide endocrinologia oggi. Mac. Intyre I, Alevizaki M, Bevis PJ, Zaidi M, Calcitonin and the peptides from the calcitonin gene, in Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., na, n 2. DOI 1. 0. 1. 09. PMID 3. Di Angelantonio S, Giniatullin R, Costa V, et al., Modulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor function by the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P on autonomic nerve cells, in Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 03. PMC 1. PMID 1. Findlay DM, Sexton PM, Calcitonin, in Growth Factors, vol. DOI 1. 0. 1. 08. PMID 1. Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ejaculation is when a male person or other male mammal shoots out fluid from his erectpenis after it has been aroused or stimulated excited sexually. It happens when he has an orgasm. This article is about ejaculation in human beings. When a man is stimulated, his penis becomes erect. When he has an orgasm, semen comes out from the end of his penis. Semen contains sperm and other substances. How long a man can be stimulated before ejaculating, how long the ejaculation lasts, the strength of the ejaculation, and the amount of semen that comes out, all vary from one man to another. When a man ejaculates, he has a very good feeling in his penis and his groin area the part of his body where his torso joins the top of his legs. A man can ejaculate after he masturbates, is touched by someone else sexually, and sometimes, even if he is not touched for example, if he looks at sexy pictures, watches sexy videos or thinks about sex. Ejaculation can also happen without control when a man is sleeping, which is called a wet dream. Boys do not ejaculate until they reach puberty. In a man, ejaculation is what happens when semen shoots out of the end of the penis. Slang terms for ejaculation are blowing a load or blowing a wad, busting a nut,2creaming, cumming, jizzing, jazzing, spurting, squirting and skeeting. Ejaculation takes place when the man has an orgasm the height of sexual excitement, usually after his genitals have been physically stimulated in some way. However, ejaculation can also happen if a man has not been touched, for instance if he becomes aroused or stimulated made sexually excited by looking at sexy pictures, watching sexy videos, or thinking about sex. When a man ejaculates while sleeping, it is called nocturnal emission. A diagram of the male sex organs, showing an erection. Erection of a human penis in motion. Before a man can ejaculate, his penis needs to be stimulated. The penis is usually soft, quite short and hangs down. When a man is stimulated, for example by seeing another naked person, masturbating or being touched by someone else sexually, the inside of his penis fills with blood. This causes it to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright, and is called having an erection. Men can be stimulated for different amounts of time before they ejaculate. Ejaculation takes place in two stages. First stage Emission. The first stage is called emission which means the act of sending or throwing something out. A mans testicles make spermcells, and these are stored in a coiled tube called the epididymis. During emission, the two ducts tubes called the vasa deferentia each tube by itself is called a vas deferens, which carry sperm away from the testicles, squeeze the sperm from the epididymis to the top end of the ducts. When this happens, the man feels that he cannot stop his ejaculation. It is sometimes said that the man has reached the point of no return. The sperm then passes through other tubes called the ejaculatory ducts, where they are mixed with fluids made by glands called the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the bulbourethral glands also called Cowpers glands. Glands are special body organs that make chemicals. The mixture of sperm and fluid is called semen or ejaculate. It is white or yellowish, and sticky. Carlyle Compressor Serial Numbers. Second stage Ejaculation proper. The second stage is called ejaculation proper which means real ejaculation. When ejaculation proper begins, the man starts having an orgasm. A muscle at the base of the mans penis called the bulbospongiosus muscle squeezes strongly again and again. This forces semen to move from the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra, which is a duct that passes right through the penis. Semen is pushed along the urethra until it shoots out of the end of the penis in spurts. Once the muscle starts to squeeze, the man cannot stop the semen from coming out of his penis. During an orgasm, the mans muscle will usually squeeze about 1. The squeezes happen very quickly. They start at about 0. Most of the semen is ejaculated in the first few squeezes. How strong an ejaculation is varies from man to man. For some men the semen shoots out of their penis very far, while for others it dribbles out. An ejaculation is often stronger if a man has been stimulated for a longer time. The squeezing of the mans muscle gives a very good feeling to his penis and his groin area the part of his body where his torso joins the top of his legs. A mans orgasm usually lasts about 1. After a man has ejaculated, his penis usually becomes soft and shorter again. He may also have an enjoyable and relaxing feeling in his groin area. Android Iso Arm. It takes some time before he can have another erection and ejaculation. This time is called the refractory period. The average refractory period is about half an hour. Younger men normally have a shorter refractory period than older men. Men who are 1. 8 years old have a refractory period of about 1. Some mens penises remain hard after one ejaculation, and they are able to have another ejaculation after some time without losing their erection. Most young and middle aged men can probably have about two to three ejaculations in a few hours, but it has been said that some men are able to have up to nine ejaculations a day. When a man ejaculates before he wants to, this is called premature ejaculation. If a man cannot ejaculate after having been aroused for a long time, even though he wants to, this is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. A man who is unable to ejaculate at all is said to have anejaculation. Some men are able to have an orgasm without ejaculating. This is called a dry orgasm. Apart from giving a man pleasure, ejaculation may help a man stay healthy. A study carried out in Australia seemed to show that men who ejaculate often have less chance of getting prostate cancer. Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a white or yellowish, and sticky fluid that contains sperm. Semen is known informally as cum, jism or jizz. Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1. More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia. Semen is usually a white or yellowish fluid. It starts off being slightly thick and sticky, then after a while it becomes more watery. Semen contains many chemicals. These include citric acid, fructose a type of sugar, enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in the body, lipids substances that fat is made of, and slippery fluids that help the semen to move through the urethra. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if the man is younger,his body produces more of the hormonetestosterone, which makes a person look and feel like a man,his testicles are not too warm,he produces more semen,he has not ejaculated for some time, andhe has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.